Deformation, acoustic emission and ultrasound velocity during fatigue tests on paper

We study the evolution of mechanical properties of paper samples during cyclic experiments. The issue is to look at the sample-to-sample variation, and we try to predict the number of loading cycles to failure. We used two concurrent methods to obtain the deformation: the strain was calculated from vertical displacement measured by laser interferometer sensor, as well as, computed by digital image correlation technique from pictures taken each 2s by a camera. Acoustic emission of fracture was also recorded, and an active ultrasonic wave method using piezoelectric transducers is used to follow the viscoelastic behaviour of each sample. We found that a sharp final increase of different variables like deformation, strain rate and fluctuations, are signs of an imminent rupture of the paper. Moreover looking at the evolution of these quantities during the first cycle only is already an indicator about the lifetime of the sample.Peer reviewe

Review of LTCC technology for millimeter waves and photonics

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. has developed and utilized Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) technology for about 25 years. This paper presents our activities related to photonics and millimetre-waves, including also a relevant literature survey. First a short summary of the technology is given. Especially, the unique features of LTCC technology are described in more details. In addition, several examples have been given to show the validity of LTCC technology in these high-performance fields

Review of LTCC Technology for Millimeter Waves and Photonics

VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. has developed and utilized Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) technology for about 25 years. This paper presents our activities related to photonics and millimetre-waves, including also a relevant literature survey. First a short summary of the technology is given. Especially, the unique features of LTCC technology are described in more details. In addition, several examples have been given to show the validity of LTCC technology in these high-performance fields

lOptical coupling structure made by imprinting between single-mode polymer waveguide and embedded VCSEL

Polymer-based integrated optics is attractive for inter-chip optical interconnection applications, for instance, for coupling photonic devices to fibers in high density packaging. In such a hybrid integration scheme, a key challenge is to achieve efficient optical coupling between the photonic chips and waveguides. With the single-mode polymer waveguides, the alignment tolerances become especially critical as compared to the typical accuracies of the patterning processes. We study novel techniques for such coupling requirements. In this paper, we present a waveguide-embedded micro-mirror structure, which can be aligned with high precision, even active alignment method is possible. The structure enables 90 degree bend coupling between a single-mode waveguide and a vertical-emitting/detecting chip, such as, a VCSEL or photodiode, which is embedded under the waveguide layer. Both the mirror structure and low-loss polymer waveguides are fabricated in a process based mainly on the direct-pattern UV nanoimprinting technology and on the use of UV-curable polymeric materials. Fabrication results of the coupling structure with waveguides are presented, and the critical alignment tolerances and manufacturability issues are discussed

Measurement and modeling of magnetic hysteresis in the LHC superconducting correctors

The Large Hadron Collider, now under construction at CERN, relies heavily on superconducting magnets for its optics layout: besides the main magnets, almost all the correcting magnets are superconducting. Along with clear advantages, this brings about complications due to the effects of persistent currents in the superconducting filaments. Corrector magnets that trim key beam parameters or compensate field errors of the main magnets (among others those due to hysteresis), are in their turn hysteretic. In this paper we present the measured magnetic hysteresis and its possible influence on accelerator operation, with particular reference to realtime compensation of dynamic effects in the main magnets, and reproducibility issues between runs. The modeling strategy as a function of the required accuracy is discussed, and two examples are presented.peer-reviewe

Geological Reconnaissance along the Alaska Highway from Fort Nelson, British Columbia, to Watson Lake, Yukon:

by M. Y. Williams.Paper (Geological Survey of Canada) ; 44-28

Metsänomistajien käsitykset metsätalouden kannattavuudesta ja sen mittaamisesta

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan kvalitatiivisen tutkimuksen menetelmin yksityismetsänomistajien käsityksiä metsätalouden kannattavuudesta ja erityisesti heidän käyttämiään tapoja oman tilansa kannattavuuden arvioimiseksi. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin haastattelemalla 19 metsänomistajaa metsänhoitoyhdistys Päijät-Hämeen alueelta teemahaastattelumenetelmällä. Haastatellut metsänomistajat mainitsivat runsaasti erilaisia kannattavuuden mittareiksi tulkittavia arviointitapoja, joiden perusteella kannattavuuteen suhtautumisessa voitiin erottaa kuusi perustyyppiä: absoluuttiset, suhteuttajat, tulojen turvaajat, riskin tiedostajat, arvon mittaajat ja markkinattomat. Haastateltujen mielestä kannattavuuteen vaikuttivat erityisesti metsänhoitotöiden tekeminen, kustannukset sekä raakapuun hinta. Myös metsän kasvu ja rakenne, hakkuun ajoitus, metsän arvon kehitys, toiminnan systemaattisuus sekä aktiivinen puunmyynti ja omatoimisuus mainittiin usein. Yritystoiminnassa yleisesti käytettyjä liiketaloudellisia kannattavuusmittoja (esim. kassavirta, liiketulos, sijoitetun pääoman tuottoprosentti) mainittiin harvoin. Käytetyt kannattavuuden arviointitavat ja käsitykset siihen vaikuttavista tekijöistä olivat silti paljolti perusteltavissa olevia ja oikeansuuntaisia. Haastatellut metsänomistajat myös ymmärtävät kannattavuuteen vaikuttavat tekijät pitkälti samalla tavoin kuin metsäpolitiikan laatijat, vaikka kannattavuustavoitteet vaihtelevat. Kaikkiaan lähtökohta tilatason kannattavuuden parantamiselle markkinaehtoisten palvelujen, julkisrahoitteisen neuvonnan ja politiikan muun keinovalikoiman avulla on varsin hyvä.Peer reviewe

Alaselkäkivun tutkiminen ja hoito perusterveydenhuollossa

Vertaisarvioitu• Alaselkäkipu on erittäin tavallinen vaiva, mutta hyvin harvoin taustalla on vakava syy. • Uusiutumistaipumus on vahva ja monet psykososiaaliset tekijät lisäävät alaselkäkivun pitkittymisen riskiä. Lääkärin rohkaiseva ja pelkoa vähentävä kommunikaatio on tärkeää. • Yksilölliset biopsykososiaaliset tekijät huomioiva lääkkeetön hoito on ensisijainen. Sairauslomien tulee olla lyhyitä. • Potilas on syytä ohjata herkästi fysioterapeutin arvioon

Prioritising National Competitiveness over Support for Democracy? Finnish Media Policy in the 21st Century

Ever since the launch of the World Press Freedom Index almost 20 years ago, Finland has always been among the top five countries of that index. According to the annual Reuters Digital News reports, Finnish people also have the highest level of trust in the news media and one of the highest levels of press readership in the EU. Most of the media companies are doing quite well, while Google and Facebook have a much less dominant role in the advertising market than elsewhere in Europe. In this context, you might expect Finland to have a comprehensive and visionary media and communications policy to support democracy. However, our meta-study of Finnish media and communications policy based on two recent reportsto the Ministry of Transport and Communications, other earlier studies, along with official documents as well as statistical data suggests that is not the case. Our analysis shows that most decisions have been pragmatic ad hoc solutions serving economic interests rather than any specifi c media and communication policy goals. A closer examination also proves that Finland does not fit into the Nordic Media Welfare State model either, despite a long, shared history and cultural ties.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Nanoimprint lithography-based fabrication of plasmonic array of elliptical nanoholes for dual-wavelength, dual-polarisation refractive index sensing

We report on the novel fabrication and characterisation of plasmonic arrays of elliptical nanohole, and their use for refractive index based sensing. The substrates were fabricated using nanoimprint lithography into a chromium hard mask followed by transfer of the patterns into the underlying gold layer by dry etching—a combination of processes amendable to mass manufacturing. 3D-FDTD simulations were undertaken and showed the transmission spectrum was dependant upon the polarisation of the incident light, with a series of minima that can be attributed to plasmonic effects on the gold/water or gold/substrate interfaces. Each polarisation showed two peaks on the gold/water interface, one in the visible and one in the near-infrared part of the spectrum. Simulated electric field profiles showed that the electric field in the infrared propagates deep in the bulk while the one in the visible was more tightly bound to the surface. Experimental transmission spectra of the fabricated samples showed good agreement with the simulated ones. Bulk refractive index experiments were carried out and sensitivities of 293 nm/RIU and 414 nm/RIU were obtained for the two spectral features of interest when the polarisation was along the long axis of the elliptical nanohole for the visible and infrared features, respectively, and 293 nm/RIU and 323 nm/RIU measured when the polarisation was along the short axis of the nanohole